- Evidence for Evolution
- Natural Selection
- Charles Darwin-English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. and discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island
- 1- Large cactus finch & Saddle-back Tortoises 2- Sharp-beaked ground finch & Dome-shaped Tortoises
- Natural selection- Survival of the fittest; when organism with the strongest traits survive and reproduce
- Stabilizing selection occurs when phenotypes at both extremes of the phenotypic distribution are selected against. This narrows the range of variation. An example is human birth weight. Babies that are very large or very small at birth are less likely to survive. This keeps birth weight within a relatively narrow range.
- Directional selection occurs when one of two extreme phenotypes is selected for. This shifts the distribution toward that extreme. This is the type of natural selection that the Grants observed in the beak size of Galápagos finches.
- Disruptive selection occurs when phenotypes in the middle of the range are selected against. This results in two overlapping phenotypes, one at each end of the distribution. An example is sexual dimorphism. This refers to differences between the phenotypes of males and females of the same species. In humans, for example, males and females have different heights and body shapes.
- Artificial Selection- intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits.
- Cow, Chicken, Pig
- An adaptation is anything that gives an organism a better chance of survival. Structural and physiological adaptations are considered direct evidence of evolution. Most of the evidence to support evolution is indirect.
- Direct Evidence:
- Camouflage-the disguising of military personnel, equipment, and installations by painting or covering them to make them blend in with their surroundings
- Ex: Coral Snake and Owl
- Mimicry-the action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule. Ex:Viceroy butterfly and Robber flies
- Indirect Evidence:
- Indirect evidence comes from fossils, anatomy, biochemical, and embryology.
- Fossil Evidence - essentially clues that have been left behind by various forms of living things.
- Anatomical Evidence- Closely related organisms often share similar structures in their bodies, despite their different lifestyles
- Homologous Structure-organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor
- Analogous Structure-different species having the same function but have evolved separately, thus do not share common ancestor
- Vestigial Structures- an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution, such as human appendixes.
- Embryological Evidence -study of embryos. An embryo is an unborn (or unhatched) animal or human young in its earliest phases.
- Indirect evidence comes from fossils, anatomy, biochemical, and embryology.
- Natural Selection
- Organizing Life's Diversity
- Classification (make all vocabulary a different color and bold)
- Levels of Taxonomy - Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- Linnaeus classification system: father of taxonomy, which is the system of classifying and naming organisms. One of his contributions was the development of a hierarchical system of classification of nature. Today, this system includes eight taxa: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
- Aristotle early classfication system: Believed that if a animal have the same abilities then they must have a similar body. Animals with the same abilities don't have the same body structure.
- Taxonomy- the discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name
- Archaebacteria- Member of this kingdom are unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments LIKE VOLCANIC HOT SPRING, BRINE POOLS, AND BLACK ORGANIX MUD TOTALLY DEVOID OF MUD
- Eubacteria- Members of this kingdom are unicellular prokaryotes that are ecologically diverse ranging from free-living soil organism to deadly parasites. SOME PHOTOSYNTHESIZE, WHILE OTHERS DO NOT.
- Protista- Kingdom of organism cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. They can be Unicellular or Multicellular, photosynthetic or heterotrophic . SOME OF THESE ORGSNISM SHARE CHARACTERISTICS WITH PLANTS, OTHER WITH FUNGI, & OTHERS WITH ANIMALS
- Fungi- Members of this kingdom are heterotrophs. They feed on dead or decaying matter or secrete digestive enzymes into their food source. SOME ARE UNICELLULAR WHILE OTHERS ARE MUTLICELLULAR
- Plantae- Members of this kingdom are multicellular. They are photosynthetic autotrophs. THESE ORGANISMS HAVE CELL WALL MADE OF CELLULLOSE
- Animalia- Members of kingdom are Multicellular and Heterotroph. DON'T have cell walls
- Archaebacteria - methanogens barkeri & smithii , halophiles Dunaliella salina & Halococcus , thermophiles Alicyclobacillus
- Eubacteria - , 1 rod shaped, 1 spiral shaped, 1 helpful, 1 found in food, 1 disease causing
- Protista - Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium + 1 fungus-like, 1 plant-like, 1 animal-like protists of your choice
- Fungi - Yeast & Lichen
- Plantae - Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta & Dicotyledon, Magnoliids, Flowering plant
- Animalia - Sponge, Jellyfish, or Squid, 1 Arthropod, 1 Nonvertebrate Chordate or Jawless Fish, 1 Amphibian or Reptile, 1 Bird or Mammal
- Classification (make all vocabulary a different color and bold)
Archeabacteria
Eubacteria
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia